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World and Press December 2022

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Original Pressetexte aus britischen und US-amerikanischen Medien Sprachtraining, Landeskunde, Vokabelhilfen und Übungsmaterial für Fortgeschrittene Sprachniveau B2 - C2

18 Environment

18 Environment December 2022 | World and Press A rancher’s truce with some pesky beavers paid off ENVIRONMENT The ‘highly skilled environmental engineers’ can help to store precious water and rejuvenate land ravaged by climate change. Test | Leseverständnis By Catrin Einhorn 1 HORACE SMITHblew up a lot of beaver dams in his life. A rancher here in northeastern Nevada, he waged war against the animals, frequently with dynamite. Not from meanness or cruelty; it was a struggle over water. Smith blamed beavers for flooding some parts of his property, Cottonwood Ranch, and drying out others. 2 But his son Agee, who eventually took over the ranch, is making peace. And he says welcoming beavers to work on the land is one of the best things he’s done. “They’re very controversial still,” said Agee Smith, whose father died in 2014. “But it’s getting better. People are starting to wake up.” As global warming intensifies droughts, floods, and wildfires, Smith has become one of a growing number of ranchers, scientists, and other “beaver believers” who see the creatures not only as helpers, but as furry weapons of climate resilience. 3 Last year, when Nevada suffered one of the worst droughts on record, beaver pools kept his cattle with enough water. When rains came strangely hard and fast, the vast network of dams slowed a torrent of water raging down the mountain, protecting his hay crop. And with the beavers’ help, creeks have widened into wetlands that run through the sagebrush desert, cleaning water, birthing new meadows, and creating a buffer against wildfires. 4 True, beavers can be complicated partners. They’re wild, swimming rodents the size of basset hounds with an obsession for building dams. When conflicts arise, and they probably will, you can’t talk it out. Beavers flood roads, fields, timber forests, and A beaver swims in a riparian area on land around the Cottonwood Guest Ranch in Wells, Nev. | Photos: Niki Chan Wylie/ The New York Times other areas that people want dry. They fell trees without a thought as to whether humans would prefer them standing. In response to complaints, the federal government killed almost 25,000 beavers last year. 5 But beavers also store lots of water for free, which is increasingly crucial in the parched American West. And they don’t just help with drought. Their engineering subdues torrential floods from heavy rains or snowmelt by slowing water. It reduces erosion and recharges groundwater. And the wetlands beavers create may have the extra benefit of stashing carbon out of the atmosphere. In addition to all that, the rodents do environmental double duty, because they also tackle another crisis unleashed by humans: rampant biodiversity loss. Their wetlands are increasingly recognized for creating habitat for myriad species, from salmon to sage grouse. Agee Smith, a fourth-generation rancher in northeastern Nevada, at the Cottonwood Guest Ranch. Sagebrush and wildflowers by the banks of a river near Cottonwood Guest Ranch. 6 Beavers, you might say, are having a moment. In Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming, the Bureau of Land Management is working with partners to build beaver-like dams that they hope real beavers will claim and expand. In California, the new state budget designates about .5 million a year to restoring the animals for climate resilience and biodiversity benefits. 7 Instead of killing beavers, the federal government should be embracing them as an important component of federal climate adaptation, according to two scientists who study beavers and hydrology, Chris Jordan of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, and Emily Fairfax of California State University Channel Islands. 8 “It may seem trite to say that beavers are a key part of a national climate action plan, but the reality is that they are a force of 15 to 40 million highly skilled environmental engineers,” Jordan and Fairfax wrote this year in a perspective article in the research journal ‘WIREs Water.’ Fairfax’s recent research focuses on how beaver complexes interact with wildfires. For now, her findings indicate, they are too wet to burn. But as climate change makes wildfires more intense, she said, that could change. “We cannot afford to work against them any longer,” she and Jordan wrote. “We need to work with them.” 9 Caroline Nash, a river scientist at the consulting firm CK Blueshift, LLC who has published research on beaver-related restoration, emphasized that projects should be evaluated on a case-bycase basis. “It’s all about identifying those locations where beavers’ survival interests align with humans’ survival interests, and they’re not always aligned,” Nash said. “And so suggesting that they’re always going to be aligned is creating a recipe, I think, for broken hopes and expectations and a loss of trust.” 10 When human–beaver conflicts arise, they can be addressed without killing the animals, experts say. … If coexistence is impossible, a growing number of groups and private businesses are seeking to relocate, rather than kill, nuisance beavers. But in many states, it’s illegal to relocate beavers (and other wildlife), in part because officials worry about people simply moving the problems elsewhere. 11 And officially sanctioned beaver killing continues. Suzanne Bond, a spokesperson for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which runs the program that kills tens of thousands of beavers each year by trapping, snaring, and shooting, said the agency was reviewing the relevant science and was “committed to increasing our capacity to respond to beaver damage and impacts with nonlethal mitigation techniques.” 12 Agee Smith’s father got so angry at beavers in part because the sides of their dams would fail during the rush of the spring snowmelt, sending damaging sediment onto his hayfields. But the younger Smith decided to try a different approach to cattle management, moving them around his land and letting them spend less time around the creeks. ... 13 “Now the only time we get crossways with beaver is if they start building dams in our irrigation ditches,” Smith said. “But we’ve learned ways to discourage them from doing that.” The most important thing, he said, is how much water they’re storing on the land. Now more than ever, he said, “water is liquid gold.” © 2022 The New York Times Company This article originally appeared in The New York Times. 0 – 1 TRUCE Waffenstillstand; (fig) Frieden — pesky (coll) lästig — beaver Biber — environmental engineer Umweltingenieur(in); s.w.u. engineering h.: Anlage — to rejuvenate “rI"dZu…v´neIt‘ regenerieren — to ravage “"rœvIdZ‘ schädigen — to wage war Krieg führen — meanness Bosheit 2 eventually “I"ventSu´li‘ schließlich — drought “draUt‘ Dürre — wildfire Flächenbrand — believer Anhänger(in) — furry “"f‰…ri‘ pelzig — climate resilience “rI"zIlj´ns‘ Klimaresilienz 3 torrent of water “"tÅr´nt‘ Wasserschwall; s.w.u. torrential flood “t´"renS´l‘ Sturzflut — to rage tosen — hay crop Heuernte — creek Bach — sagebrush Wüstensalbei — to birth (fig) entstehen lassen — meadow “"med´U‘ Wiese — buffer Puffer 4 true es stimmt — rodent “"r´Ud´nt‘ Nagetier — with an obsession for doing davon besessen zu tun — to arise auftreten — to talk s.th. out (fig) etw. ausdiskutieren — timber forest Nutzwald — to fell fällen — federal government US-Bundesregierung 5 parched “pA…tSt‘ ausgedörrt — to subdue “s´b"dZu…‘ mildern — snowmelt Schneeschmelze — to recharge auffüllen — to stash speichern — carbon CO 2 — to do double duty (fig) doppelte Arbeit leisten — to tackle bekämpfen — to unleash “øn"li…S‘ (fig) auslösen — rampant rasant — habitat Lebensraum — myriad “"mIri´d‘ unzählige — sage grouse Beifußhuhn 6 – 7 to be having a moment (coll) gerade in Mode sein — to claim für s. in Anspruch nehmen — to designate “"dezIgneIt‘ vorsehen — to restore wiederansiedeln; s.w.u. restoration Wiederherstellung — to embrace annehmen — adaptation Anpassung — National Oceanic and … “Æ´USi"œnIk‘ US-Bundesbehörde für die Verwaltung der US-Meeresressourcen 8 – 10 trite banal — climate action plan Klimaschutzplan — perspective article “p´"spektIv‘ wissenschaftl. Ausblick — research journal Fachzeitschrift — to evaluate “I"vœljueIt‘ bewerten — to align with “´"laIn‘ übereinstimmen mit — broken hopes enttäuschte Hoffnungen — to address lösen — to seek to do versuchen zu tun — to relocate umsiedeln — nuisance “"nju…s´ns‘ h.: störend — officials Behörden 11 – 13 sanctioned “"sœNkS´nd‘ genehmigt — spokesperson Sprecher(in) — to snare fangen — to be committed to doing bestrebt sein zu tun — nonlethal “Æ-"li…T´l‘ nicht tödlich — mitigation “ÆmItI"geIS´n‘ Schadensbegrenzung — to get crossways with (fig) in Konflikt geraten mit — irrigation ditch “ÆIrI"geIS´n‘ Bewässerungskanal

December 2019 ¤ 5,00 [d] IN FOCUS • Opinion: Dismantling the myth of America • Canada: Pipeline expansion divides tribes Pages 2/3 USA • Society: Young America replaces God with community • Nature: Indiana Dunes National Park Pages 4/19 BRITAIN • Society: British life expectancy is falling • Monty Python: BBC bosses were not amused Pages 6/22 B1–C2 OTHER TOPICS • Australia: Coastal erosion • No 23|24 • 71st Year of Publication • Originalartikel aus The Guardian, The Times, The New York Times, The Washington Post und anderen Sprachtraining • Landeskunde • Vokabelhilfen • Übungsmaterial State governments in the US are considering banning flavoured tobacco products that health experts say are intensifying Scholars believe they have identified John Milton’s copy of the First Folio, the first complete edition of Shakespeare’s an epidemic of nicotine addiction. plays. • No 23|24 • 72nd Year of Publication • December 2020 Read more on Originalartikel page 5 aus The Read Guardian, more on page The Times, 7 The New York Times, The Washington Post und anderen ¤ 5,00 [d] B1–C2 POLLUTION IN FOCUS Public health emergency • Opinion: Johnson’s was declared after air pollution push for no levels deal will go off harm the charts, the UK reports Hannah Ellis-Petersen Page 2 mit Übungen | Sprechen USA • Police: Black police chiefs face criticism on all sides • Climate change: www.phase6.de/wp/2420 Die Nr.1 unter den Vokabeltrainern. ¤5,60 [a] CHF9,00 [ch] clared and has remained in place for the past five days. The streets have emptied, schools remained closed, and many did not go into Sprachtraining • Landeskunde work • Vokabelhilfen on Monday morning as the • Übungsmaterial air quality index remained in the category of “severe”. 5 Monday also saw the temporary introduction of a scheme The United Nations, In the thick, toxic clouds the world’s pre­eminent international of Venus, our closest planetary where cars with odd and even institution, celebrated three­quarters neighbour, scientists have discovered a gas that is associated number plates can only drive on of a century since its founding in alternate days, which authorities subdued fashion. with life • on No Earth. 23 | 24 • 73rd Year of Publication • say will take 1.2m cars off Delhi’s December 2021 Read more on page 3 Original roads Read each day. Pressetexte more However, on page aus most 19 britischen und US-amerikanischen Medien in the city were highly sceptical € 5,00 [d] about the plan, which will only be in place for two weeks. 6 “They did this scheme twice before, and it is pointless,” said Amit, a driver. “I am not supposed to be taking my car out today, but Sprachtraining I am just taking the • Landeskunde back roads • Vokabelhilfen • Übungsmaterial and short cuts to avoid the traffic officers. All the other drivers on Stockton beach Tax dollars to move U.S. PRESIDENCY Joe Biden will rely on institutions I know Emma are doing and Raducanu relationships the same. Yes, Many restaurants claim • Kashmir: The football club communities out of pollution is a terrible problem … Real Kashmir flood zones to govern a fractured nation, write Katie Glueck and galvanized Thomas the Kaplan. British public mit with Übungen to be | Sprechen the birthplace of the hamburger. B2–C2 but this her temporary triumph in scheme the U.S. is not Open. The But it seems chopped meat served Pages 4/5 • Business: Fewer tourists 1 going to change anything. We THIRTY-THREE years ago, 18-year-old tennis star showcases the cal and between social upheaval. or inside But bread if the is nearly as Hindu women had to immerse themselves in the IN polluted FOCUS waters of the Yamuna River. need real action from the government.” coming to America he was the fast-talking junior diversity of a more complex Britain. country, ancient the political as civilization. parties, and | Photo: BRITAIN Picture Alliance/Reuters senator • from Opinion: Delaware The Queen with a Washington have changed since Die Nr.1 unter den Vokabeltrainern. 7 • Mining: Lithium find In a city such as Delhi, where chip on his deserves shoulder, better desperate from her Read more on page 12 Read more on page 18 to Biden, now 77, arrived in the • Language: Trump’s Twitter 1 IT in WAS Cornwall meant to spurs be a hopes in the toxic foam of the bring myself to do it fully, though poverty and homelessness is rife prove his family gravitas during a brief, Senate as a 30-year-old widower war on spelling ceremony of regeneration to bring good Yamuna, so thick and my friends took a full dip even and millions make their living ill-fated • In presidential Focus: Post-Merkel run. The era in 1973, some of his attitudes – • Art: Lee Krasner health and prosperity. But frothy from industrial with the smell. My legs were itching after a while, and I had to go had the option of taking shelter on the sides of the roads, not all • Monarchy: the thousands Royal family next time needs around, radical in new 2008, direction, he about governing and about his and domestic pollution it • Music: The Lakota Music of women ‘are who a bargain’ gathered at £85m was the says seasoned studyforeign policy fellow Americans – have hardly made the water resemble home and take a bath.” in homes or driving cars equipped hand and Project in the Pages waters of 6/7 Delhi’s Yamuna River on the city’s most irony that this was a ritual meant polluted city has taken a toll on 8 At his stall selling chickpeas a putrid Pages veteran bubble 2/3 lawmaker who changed at all. bath. The 4 Living in the world’s most with air purifiers. strained to capture the imagination of Democratic presidential TECHNOLOGY The social network said the change defiantly was champions part of compro- its 6 He still reveres institutions, Pages 8/9/10/13/17/18 polluted OTHER day in TOPICS three years, to to give thanks to the sun god for almost every one of its 20 million citizens, bet especially on a next since digital the gar, frontier north Delhi, called Dinesh the Raj said metaverse. mise, and sees politics more in on the roadside of Kamla Na- primary USA voters. mark the ancient Hindu festival sustaining life earth was not • Gibraltar: 2 As he • weighed Reparations: a third attempt terms of relationships than ideology. He has insisted that with of Chhath Puja, instead had to lost on her. Hindu festival of Diwali, which both his health and his business Europe’s pandemic at the presidency Charleston last seeks year, to many atone By Mike Isaac Get the immerse themselves in the toxic 3 “I stood for an hour in the prompted a severe deterioration was suffering. “I generally earn wedding hot spot Democrats for sins feared of slavery he was too Trump out of office, Republicans waste, while inhaling air so thick water to offer prayers, but it was in air quality. As the air pollution around 400 to 500 rupees per vocabulary trainer! with smog • Business: that it went Trump’s late. Too • Lifestyle: old, too moderate, The too 1 FACEBOOK rose to prominence over the past two decades working with Democrats – a view will have an “epiphany” about off the pollution very oily, dirty, and had a bad levels reached catastrophic levels – almost 10 times above the I have only sold three plates, and day, but after the bad pollution, ‘Buy charts. American’ campaign meandering of beach to excite driving ascendant may be smell,” said Devi. “According to 2 Sunita went Devi nowhere voices in was among those the ritual, we coming his party, are supposed to a too close rooted in with some of the world’s most that elides the fact that Republicans were rarely interested in to healthy limit on the weekend – a the more civil politics of the past recognizable branding: a big Continued on page 20 who offered • Social prayers care: as Robots she stood be bathe in the water Pages but 4/5 I could not public health emergency was de- to nimbly handle Donald Trump. blue-and-white letter F. No longer. istration when Biden was vice working with the Obama admin- used in UK care homes 3 Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. • History: Roanoke’s ‘lost www.phase6.de/wp/2419 0 RESIDENT “"rezId´nt‘ Einwohner — authorities “O…"TÅr´tiz‘ Behörden — inaction “-"--‘ Untätiging father Schaumbad • COVID-19: who connected — irony Britons “"aIr´ni‘ with weigh a — President-elect to give working thanks to giant Zahl Joe took Biden — number an (2nd unmistak- plate from Nummernschild right) and Vice — President­elect on alter- 7 Those beliefs, coupled with ran anyway. BRITAIN — putrid He “"pju…trId‘ ran as übel a griev- riechend — bubble 2 On bath Thursday, System the — odd social / even net-number ungerade / gerade president. colony’ was never lost keit — pollution • Philosophy: “p´"lu…S´n‘ Germany Umweltverschmutzung; country Dank their in pain. sagen ‘price As — a of to relative freedom’ sustain centrist who not emphasized be lost on s.o. character, jdm. nicht entgangen sein “"skeptIk´l‘ skeptisch — pointless sinnlos — back “s´"steIn‘ Kamala erhalten able Harris step — to (2nd toward nate from an days left) overhaul, “O…l"t‰…n´t‘ with their deemphasizing of the presidential Facebook’s election. name| Photo: Getty Images and experienced leader, made jeden spouses zweiten after Tag — being sceptical declared his reputation as an empathetic s.w.u. to finds pollute it hard verschmutzen to love Hegel — public health emergency Gesundheitsnotstand — to go off the 3–4 • Monarchy: The queen the winners oily ölig — to bathe “beID‘ baden — to road Nebenstraße — short cut Abkürzung — traffic officer Verkehrspolizist Die Nr.1 unter den Vokabeltrainern. Pages 9/11/12/13/20 stability, and belief in bipartisanship over the particulars of a pol- 4 In many ways, charts (fig) Extremwerte erreichen bring and the o.s. 13 to presidents and rebranding itself as Meta. Biden acceptable to a broad coalition of Americans this year, in- do s. dazu durchringen zu tun — to 1 prosperity “prÅs"per´ti‘ Wohlstand — to take a full dip ganz untertauchen — The to itch change jucken — As to a was ¤ 5,60 [a] CHF 9,00 [ch] 7–8 he ran accompanied as the with Biden and supported him poverty “"pÅv´ti‘ byArmut — homelessness “"---‘ gather s. versammeln — ancient “"eInS´nt‘ uralt; icy agenda. 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Cohen who served spanned a half-century of politi- Continued on page 12 that began in the Nixon era and before. of a deadly pandemic. • Business: What can 3 The move punctuates how companies do to retain CEO Mark Zuckerberg plans to re- 0 staff? focus his Silicon Valley company 5 With the change, Zuckerberg the next major social platform PRESIDENT-ELECT designierte(r) Präsident(in) • Upcycling: — to shape prägen Will consumers — to rely on s.th. “mi"œnd´rIN‘ gewunden; abschweifend — to excite tion Krönung — to span s.th. s. über etw. erstre- moderate “"mÅd´r´t‘ gemäßigt — meandering 4–5 to invest in s.o. auf jdn. setzen — culmina- on what he sees as the next digital telegraphed that his company and that several tech companies “rI"laI‘ auf etw. setzen — to govern regieren — fractured “"frœktS´d‘ gespalten of disparate im Aufwind digital — rooted worlds verwurzelt into — networking, civil höflich which — ower Facebook “"wId´U´‘ has Witwer years. — fellow On American Monday, amerik. 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Having Facebook to revere as “rI"vI´‘ player verehren when it separated — defiantly its virtu- — to be to desperate harvest to water do “"desp´r´t‘ on moon unbedingt tun Mitte — to emphasize “"emf´saIz‘ hervorheben — “dI"faI´ntli‘ trotzig — to champion s.th. für etw. wollen — and gravitas Mars Würde — ill-fated glücklos bipartisanship “ÆbaI"pA…tIzœnSIp‘ Überparteilichkeit eintreten — in terms of in Bezug auf — to insist — presidential run Präsidentschaftskandidatur pany — from particulars the many “p´"tIkj´l´z‘ social networking Fehlern controversies — uneven it “-"--‘ is facing, uneinheitlich and — was vulnera- fundamentally elide “i"laId‘ about auslassen Facebook Reality Labs. Details company — flawed now mit owned beharren many — apps epiphany business “I"pIf´ni‘ into Aha-Erlebnis a division — known to as — seasoned Pages foreign 9/10/17/22 policy hand routinierte(r) Außenpolitiker(in) — veteran lawmaker erfahrene(r) Abgeordnete(r) — to strain s. anstrengen hate speech stelle — and to misinformation. drown out übertönen tenable, — weakness he said. den mit — reputation a metaverse Ruf — empathetic company “Æemp´ will take including bility how “Ævøln´r´"bIl´ti‘ it is used Verwundbarkeit; to spread connecting h.: Schwach- people 7 was beliefs no longer Ansichten 7 But — coupled evolving with Facebook verbun- into — to capture “"kœptS´‘ erobern — presidential primary Vorwahl im Präsidentschaftswahlkampf — to be at stake auf dem Spiel stehen — ravages Mitgefühl empfinden — independent Parteilose(r) 4 “I’ve Schwäche been thinking — to eclipse a lot about in den 6Schatten That was stellen especially "TetIk‘ mitfühlend; the case, s.w.u. time to since empathize the concept “"emp´TaIz‘ is theoretical and may take years to achieve. 2 Get the our identity” with this new chapter, Zuckerberg said, speaking committed to building a compos- Facebook and its sister apps also Zuckerberg said, as Facebook has to weigh abwägen — attempt Versuch — “"rœvIdZIz‘ verheerende Folgen — conviction Überzeugung — to unite einen vocabulary trainer! Thursday at a virtual event to ite universe melding online, vir- remain a giant business, generat- www.phase6.de/wp/2421 Die Nr.1 unter den Vokabeltrainern. €5,60 [a] CHF9,00 [ch] showcase Facebook’s technological bets of the future. “Over time, I hope we’re seen as a metaverse company.” 0–2 TO RENAME umbenennen — bet Wette — frontier “frøn"tI´‘ Grenze; h.: (fig) Dimension — to rise to prominence “"prÅmIn´ns‘ Berühmtheit erlangen — recognizable “"rek´gnaIz´b´l‘ erkennbar — unmistakable “ÆønmI"steIk´b´l‘ eindeutig; untrüglich — overhaul “"--hO…l‘ Generalüberholung — to de-emphasize s.th. h.: den Schwerpunkt von etw. wegnehmen — corporate logo Firmenlogo — infinity-shaped “In"fIn´ti‘ in Form e-s Unendlichkeitssymbols — askew “´"skju…‘ schief 3–5 to punctuate “"pøNktSueIt‘ (fig) unterstreichen — to refocus neu ausrichten — unification tual, and augmented worlds that people can seamlessly traverse. He has said that this concept, known as the metaverse, can be ing more than billion in annual revenue and serving more than 3.5 billion people globally. 8 The timing of the name Vereinigung — disparate “"dIsp´r´t‘ grundverschieden — to distance s.th. from s.th. e-e S. von etw. abgrenzen — to showcase präsentieren — to telegraph signalisieren — fundamentally im Wesentlichen — tenable “"ten´b´l‘ vertretbar 6 to commit to h.: s. konzentrieren auf — composite “"kÅmp´zIt‘ umfassend — to meld kombinieren — augmented “O…g"mentId‘ erweitert — seamlessly nahtlos — to traverse “tr´"v‰…s‘ durchqueren — intent Absicht — player Akteur — division Geschäftsbereich 7–9 to evolve into s.th. zu etw. weiterentwickeln change has a double advantage. Facebook has grappled with some of the most intense scrutiny in its history in recent weeks. Lawmakers and the public have criticized its Instagram photo-sharing app for hurting some teenagers’ selfesteem, and the company has faced questions for its role in amplifying misinformation and stirring unrest with inflammatory content. 9 The outcry reached a fever pitch after Frances Haugen, a former Facebook employee, leaked internal documents that showed how much the company knew about the harmful effects it was Continued on page 12 — billion Milliarde — annual revenue “"rev´nju…‘ Jahresumsatz — to grapple with s.th. mit etw. zu kämpfen haben — scrutiny “"skru…tIni‘ Untersuchung; Kontrolle — lawmaker Abgeordnete(r) — self-esteem Selbstwertgefühl — to amplify “"œmplIfaI‘ verstärken; hervorheben — to stir unrest zu Unruhen aufstacheln — inflammatory “In"flœm´t´ri‘ hetzerisch — outcry “"--‘ Aufschrei — fever pitch (fig) Siedepunkt; große Aufregung — to leak enthüllen — harmful schädlich World and Press | December 2022 Early language spread by word, not sword SCIENCE Migration and long periods of co-existence, not simply violent conquest, aided the spread of Indo-European languages. By Richard Spencer 1 FOR MOREthan a century, studies of the roots of European and Indian languages have fuelled wild theories about how the West conquered the world. According to some, including the Nazis, the speed with which the “proto-Indo-Europeans” took over most of Europe and large parts of Asia was proof of their inherent superiority. More recently, according to some in the decolonisation movement, it shows that the Caucasian races were always violent, war-like, and genocidal, as portrayed in Greek and Roman legend. 2 A newly published study of early DNA, however, suggests the opposite: that speakers of early European languages often lived beside people whose languages they replaced. In one example, the burial of a “high status” speaker of an early form of Greek showed that he had DNA quite different from other leaders, suggesting that he was a “local” whose family continued to prosper even as they learnt the incomers’ language. 3 In fact, the original speakers of the language seem to have spread it to much more powerful neighbours before dying out themselves. “We cannot deny that the past was violent, and the spread of Indo-European languages involved violent episodes,” Iosif Lazaridis, one of the study’s authors, told ‘The Times’. “But much of the early history was, in my opinion, one of migration and admixture, not of exclusion and dominance.” 4 The proto-Indo-European languages spread across large parts of the world in the centuries after about 4000 BC. Nearly all European language groups – Celtic, Germanic (including English), Latin and Romance, and Slavic – are Indo-European, sharing common roots. So are Persian, Kurdish, and some of the main Indian languages, which descended via ancient Sanskrit. Philologists have deciphered ancient Indo-European script from archaeological sites in modern China, whose speakers wore tartan, like the Celts. 5 The DNA study, published in the magazine ‘Science’, was | Photo: Warren Umoh/Unsplash intended in part to settle a long debate about where the original speakers lived before they began what was once assumed to be thousands of years of violent conquest. One theory was that they were riders of the steppe, the semi-nomadic Yamnaya who originated north of the Black Sea in what is now Ukraine and western Russia. But early languages from Anatolia, modern-day Turkey, were also Indo-European. 6 The DNA, taken from 727 skeletons up to 11,000 years old and found across Eurasia, suggests that these two sets of people shared a common ancestor, possibly in the Caucasus itself. They spread their language and some of their genes, but only some, to both the Yamnaya and the Anatolians. The Yamnaya spread into China and India and west to the Balkans. Some went to what is now Armenia, where, unlike elsewhere, their male “Y” chromosome survived, making modern Armenians their direct descendants. 7 Early peoples of northern Europe shared common cultural features with the Yamnaya and were clearly descended from them in part, except that the “Y” comment Language When did everything become ‘awesome’ and ‘amazing’? I blame the Americans. LANGUAGE A simple ‘thanks’ doesn’t cut it anymore, even if you’ve just been given a tin of cat food. 19 chromosome had almost entirely disappeared. “Whatever happened there, it wasn’t Yamnaya men subjugating European populations but rather a large-scale migration in which both sexes participated,” Lazaridis, an expert in genetic data analysis at Harvard University, said. 8 The Greek example came from a study of a warrior found at the Mycenaean palace in Pylos in southwest Greece. The Mycenaeans were the warriors portrayed in Homer’s epics and lived in the second half of the second millennium BC. Their script, known to philologists as Linear B, is an early form of Greek. 9 Unlike other people buried around the palace, this high-status warrior had no Yamnaya ancestry, suggesting that non-Indo- Europeans could prosper and be treated as Greek even after the Indo-Europeans had arrived and spread their language. © The Times, London/News Licensing This article originally appeared in The Times, London. 0 – 1 CONQUEST “"kÅNkwest‘ Eroberung; s.w.u. to conquer “"kÅNk´‘ erobern — to aid helfen — Indo-European indoeuropäisch — to take over erobern — inherent “In"her´nt‘ naturgegeben — superiority “su…ÆpI´ri"År´ti‘ Überlegenheit — decolonisation “di…ÆkÅl´naI"zeIS´n‘ — Caucasian “kO…"keIZ´n‘ kaukasisch — race Ethnie — genocidal “ÆdZen´"saId´l‘ völkermordend — to portray “-"-‘ darstellen — Roman römisch 2 – 3 burial “"beri´l‘ Grabstätte; s.w.u. to bury begraben — local Einheimische(r) — to prosper erfolgreich sein — incomer Ankömmling — admixture “´d"mIkstS´‘ Vermischung — exclusion “Ik"sklu…Z´n‘ Ausgrenzung 4 BC = Before Christ v. Chr. — Celtic “"keltIk‘ Keltisch — Romance “r´U"mœns‘ Romanisch — Persian “"p‰…Z´n‘ Persisch — to descend abstammen; s.w.u. descendant “dI"send´nt‘ Nachfahr(in) — philologist “fI"lÅl´dZIst‘ Philologe(-in) — to decipher “dI"saIf´‘ entziffern — script Schrift — archaeological site “ÆA…ki´"lÅdZIk´l‘ archäologische Fundstätte 5 – 6 to settle a debate e-e Debatte beenden — semi-nomadic halbnomadisch — Yamnaya Jamnaja — to originate “´"rIdZ´neIt‘ seinen Ursprung haben — Black Sea Schwarzes Meer — ancestor “"œnsest´‘ Vorfahr(in); s.w.u. ancestry Abstammung 7 – 9 to subjugate “"søbdZ´geIt‘ unterwerfen — large-scale umfassend — warrior “"wÅri´‘ Krieger(in) — Mycenaean “ÆmaIsI"ni…´n‘ mykenisch — epic Epos — millennium Jahrtausend — Linear B Linearschrift B Ein guter Jahrgang! Bestellen Sie die Jahrgangsausgaben ab 2019 zum Sonderpreis. By Adrian Chiles 1 “AMAZING!” she said, as I handed her a tin of cat food. This was the young woman who looks after my neighbour’s cat when he’s away. I was running an errand. It’s nice to be appreciated, but the routine handing over of a tin of cat food is not, in anyone’s book, amazing. 2 What if I’d bought half a dozen tins of cat food? How much more amazing would that have been? Or a dozen tins, a cat bed, a scratching post, and £500 in cash? “Amazing!” wouldn’t cut it; I suppose an “absolutely” would have had to go in front of it. If I threw in some high-end cat treats, I suppose that would necessitate doubling up the adverbs, with a “completely” or some such. | Photo: Jennifer Bonauer/Unsplash 3 Where is language going? Once upon a time there would have been a “thanks” or “thank you” for the cat food. Bigger gestures might elicit a “thank you very much” and, on special occasions, a “thank you very much indeed” might have been wheeled out. Now the game’s gone, I tell you. We go straight to “amazing”. Or “awesome”. In both cases, as usual, I think we’re on safe ground blaming the Americans. They too, surely, are behind “thank you so much”. It’s now used so often that the “so much” adds nothing; it’s just a standard thank you. 4 Having disparaged the Americans, I do have a wry liking for Ted Lasso’s “I appreciate you.” Nice, although I’ve not been brave enough to use it yet. The closest I came was last week when a locksmith called Tony played a blinder for me. He turned up in a flash, was nice to my furious daughter and hungry dog, got them into my place, and fixed the knackered lock. I tried for an “I appreciate you,” but it wouldn’t come out. “You’re amazing,” I said. © 2022 Guardian News and Media Ltd | Photo: Getty Images Delhi residents blame authorities for inaction | Image: United Nations A president-elect shaped by tragedy and tradition | Photo: NYT nur ¤ 39,60* | Photo: Getty Images Facebook renames itself Meta | Photo: Getty Images | Photo: Getty Images | Photo: Unsplash nur ¤ 29,–* CD mit Übungsmaterial + Audio-mp3 * Versand im Inland portofrei. Preis pro Jahrgang. www.sprachzeitungen.de 0 – 2 S.TH. DOESN’Tcut it anymore (coll) etw. reicht nicht mehr aus — to run an errand “"er´nd‘ e-e Besorgung machen — routine einfach — in someone’s book (fig) für jdn. — scratching post Kratzbaum — to throw in dazugeben — high-end hochwertig — treats Leckerlis — to necessitate “n´"sesIteIt‘ erfordern — or some such (coll) oder so etwas 3 gesture “"dZestS´‘ Geste — to elicit “i"lIsIt‘ hervorrufen — to wheel out (coll) hervorholen — now the game’s gone (fig, coll) jetzt ist alles aus — to be on safe ground doing (fig) mit Sicherheit tun können — to be behind dahinterstecken 4 to disparage “dI"spœrIdZ‘ verunglimpfen — to have a wry liking for s.th. “raI‘ etw. irgendwie mögen (wry ironisch) — locksmith Schlosser(in) — to play a blinder (fig, coll) ein wahres Kunststück vollbringen — in a flash (fig, coll) blitzschnell — knackered “"nœk´d‘ (coll) kaputt

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